Used in the manufacture of special alloys, precision optical glass, special glass, conductive glass, special steels, microscope lenses, and optical instrument prisms;

Used in the production of ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramic dopants, and in the ceramics industry;

Used in non-ferrous metal alloys and also as a reducing agent in the production of other metals;

Used in hydrogen storage battery materials, as well as in miniature high-energy batteries and crystal scintillation counters;

Used as a reducing agent, mordant, and decolorizer in the chemical industry; a reducing agent for dye intermediates, a stabilizer for fragrances; used in the cement industry, mirror silvering, and electroplating;

Used as a raw material for petroleum catalysts, analytical chemistry reagents, chemical catalysts, paint flame retardants and drying agents, semiconductor material dopants, heat-resistant glassware, and fire-resistant paint additives; an additive for high-temperature lubricants.